Jets and Fragmentation

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URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10900/78314
http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:21-dspace-783143
http://dx.doi.org/10.15496/publikation-19713
Dokumentart: PhDThesis
Date: 2017
Language: English
Faculty: 7 Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät
Department: Physik
Advisor: Vogelsang, Werner (Prof. Dr.)
Day of Oral Examination: 2017-10-19
DDC Classifikation: 530 - Physics
Keywords: Physik , Quantenchromodynamik , Störungstheorie
License: http://tobias-lib.uni-tuebingen.de/doku/lic_ohne_pod.php?la=de http://tobias-lib.uni-tuebingen.de/doku/lic_ohne_pod.php?la=en
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Abstract:

The main focus of this PhD thesis is on final state physics at particle colliders. In particular, two different inclusive final state observables are considered: hadronic jets and identified hadrons originating from a fragmentation process. Said inclusive final states may also be combined into a novel class of semi-inclusive observables: in-jet fragmentation processes. All of these final states are of major importance in the era of high energy particle colliders like the famous Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In this thesis we work within the framework of perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (pQCD) and present analytical next-to-leading order (NLO) calculations for final state hadronic jets and, for the first time, for observed hadrons inside fully reconstructed jets in an inclusive setup. Afterwards, we utilize this calculation to perform a global extraction of $D^{*}$-meson fragmentation functions including recent $D^{*}$-in-jet data from the ATLAS collaboration. Finally, we explore two closely related topics: photon-in-jet production and fragmentation functions beyond fixed order accuracy.\\ To be more precise, we start by presenting a NLO calculation for the inclusive production of jets at hadron colliders. The calculation of the partonic cross sections is performed analytically within the so-called narrow jet approximation, where the jet is assumed to be rather collimated. In said calculation we address two novelties: the formulation of jet cross sections in a convenient form using appropriate jet functions and the first NLO implementation of a newly proposed jet algorithm which is based on maximizing an appropriate function of the jet's energy and momentum. The formulation of jet cross sections in terms of jet functions has been established in the framework of soft collinear effective theory (SCET) for electron-positron annihilation and for exclusive jet production. We present a consistent formulation within the standard framework of pQCD for inclusive jet production in hadronic collisions. The so obtained structure not only facilitates the implementation of new jet algorithms, but also allows for an interesting physical interpretation in close analogy to inclusive hadron production. After having established the formulation of jet cross sections in terms of jet functions, we study the production of identified hadrons inside jets. Again, we use the narrow jet approximation to formulate the partonic cross sections analytically in terms of suitable sets of semi-inclusive jet functions. The first set describes the formation of the jet and the second set parametrizes the formation of a specific parton inside the jet. Said parton eventually undergoes the complicated and not yet completely understood process of hadronization to form the observed final state hadron. In the factorized pQCD framework, hadronization is parametrized by non-perturbative functions, so-called fragmentation functions. We demonstrate the importance of this process for studies of fragmentation functions. At leading order (LO) the cross section directly probes the fragmentation functions in a similar way as single-inclusive annihilation (SIA) does. Moreover, due to the hadronic initial state, the process gives valuable constraints on the elusive gluon-to-hadron fragmentation function. Recently, first data for observed hadrons inside jets were presented by the ATLAS collaboration. These $D^{*}$-in-jet data are not well described with the $D^{*}$-fragmentation functions available in literature. Thus, we perform a global NLO analysis of $D^{*}$-fragmentation functions, including data for single-inclusive hadron production in electron-positron annihilation and hadronic collisions, and, for the first time, hadron-in-jet data. We find a consistent set of fragmentation functions which yields a satisfying description of all the available data. This extraction is possible due to the analytical calculation of the hadron-in-jet cross section which is a prerequisite for an efficient numerical implementation. Moreover, we present results for two topics which are closely related to the work described above. Motivated by the success of in-jet fragmentation in the extraction of parton-to-hadron fragmentation functions, we extend the framework to photon-in jet production and present the NLO calculation necessary to include this process into future extractions of parton-to-photon fragmentation functions. We make use of the same techniques developed for the hadron-in-jet calculation and present analytical expressions in terms of (photonic) jet functions within the narrow jet approximation. Finally, we study fragmentation functions beyond fixed order accuracy by including small-$z$ resummations. These resummations account for the singular behavior of the time-like evolution kernels and the coefficient functions by summing up the divergent terms to all orders in perturbation theory. Since the corresponding resummed expressions are not available for other processes, we restrict our analysis to SIA. While the inclusion of such resummations is needed for a reasonable formulation of integrated observables, we find that for phenomenological studies of differential observables in the kinematical regimes accessible by today's experiments already next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) results yield a satisfying description of data. The resummed expressions only show negligible differences compared to NNLO ones well within the experimental uncertainties.

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