Abstract:
In the Department of General Paediatrics, Haematology and Oncology at the University Children’s Hospital Tübingen, in cooperation with the Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases at the University of Tübingen, the NK cell activity against hCMV-infected fibroblasts was examined. This makes sense in regard to hCMV illnesses at an early time after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (Median on the day 25.5) with, at the same time observed clearly increased population density in CD56+ NK cells in the early phase of reconstitution.
Firstly the colorimetric adherent LDH cytotoxicity assay of C. Korzeniewski and D.M. Callewaert was compared with those described by K. Bloomberg et al. and in this work reestablished adherent and non-adherent BATDA release assays for fibroblasts. Due to the fact that high-grade infected fibroblasts lose their adherence, the non-adherent cytotoxicity assay turned out to be the ideal test procedure for the following studies in view of a steady cell number with high rates of hCMV infection.
The cytotoxic functionality of enriched NK cells of healthy test persons against fibroblasts infected with AD-169 was low and showed a considerable increase after effector cell stimulation with low-dose IL-2 or IL-15, ADCC mediated by anti-hCMV IgG (Cytoglobin 5 %) and the combination of both. In comparison to this, the non-stimulated NK cell activity in approximately two thirds of transplanted patients provoked distinct lysis of the target cells infected with AD-169 and could be additionally increased by the incubation with anti-hCMV IgG and/or cytokine stimulation. This anti-viral capacity correlates with the low incidence of hCMV-DNAemia detected by PCR (29 % on the day 100) on patients with transplantations of positively selected CD34+ stem cells in our department since 1955. However, the effector cells from the remaining third of the patients did not exert significant cytotoxicity against AD-169 infected target cells.
Furthermore, clinical virus isolates were examined for their NK-susceptibility after infection of fibroblasts. Compared with non-infected target cells, NK cells from transplanted patients as well as from healthy probands showed a lower lytic activity against WT-S1-, WT-MR-, WT-GR1- and WT-GR2-infected HFF. This lytic action could not be increased by addition of anti-hCMV IgG or by preincubation with cytokines. Solely, the target cell infection with the viral isolate WT-GR3 resulted in an augmented NK-susceptibility compared with non-infected fibroblasts. This could be increased by an incubation of the effector cells with IL-2 or IL-15, the use of ADCC mediated by anti-hCMV IgG and the combination of both.
A possible explanation for the raised NK cell activity might be a significantly stronger restriction of MHC class 1 molecules on the cell surface of AD-169- and WT-GR3-infected fibroblasts in contrast to WT-S1-, WT-GR1- and WT-MR-infected target cells. This was measured by qualitative kinetic flow cytometry investigations and quantitative analyses by using Quifikit. AD-169- and WT-GR3-infected fibroblasts, in addition, showed an increased expression of LFA-3 molecules. The masking of these CD58+ molecules conferred a resistance of NK cell-mediated lysis to WT-GR3-infected fibroblasts. Further hCMV-mediated alterations avoiding the immune system such as the increased expression of HLA-G and HLA-E molecules and an unchanged density of MICB, ULBP1 and ULBP2 molecules could be proven on almost all infected fibroblasts. The upregulation of ICAM-1, MICA and ULBP-3 provided by nearly all viral strains seems to have only a slight influence on the NK cell function.
Therefore the following model can be postulated for the NK cell susceptibility of the respective infected target cells: Precondition for an effective lysis is dependent on the downregulation of MHC class 1 molecules. According to the present results, an additional upregulation of LFA-3 is dominant. Besides, the expression of a high number of LFA-3 molecules seems to outbid a possible effect of the examined NKG2D ligands.
In addition to a more exact characterization of hCMV-infected fibroblasts, the present work pointed out that the administration of clinical doses of interleukin-2, interleukin-15 and/or Cytoglobin 5 % in healthy probands and some patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation caused an increased NK cell activity against target cells which were infected with LFA-3-upregulated viral strains. In addition to the administration of anti-viral substances, the application of immune-modulating agents could be beneficial in the therapy or prophylaxis of hCMV infections. Ongoing studies have to clarify the use of these new therapeutic strategies.