Abstract:
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Abstract
Understanding and manipulating numbers is one of the most advanced cognitive abilities. While numerical cognition has been extensively studied, the question of its functional lateralization remains unresolved. Leading models, such as the triple code model of number processing, propose a bilateral representation of number processing in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS). As a result, research has largely neglected the question of functional lateralization in number processing. The current dissertation addresses this issue by exploring functional lateralization in number processing from three perspectives: numerical, individual, and cultural.
The dissertation involves a sample of N = 162 adults, to study magnitude in 54 German right-handers, to study handedness in comparison to 54 German left-handers, and to study reading direction in comparison to 54 Iranian right-handers. In a within-subject design, anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was applied to the right IPS, to the left IPS, and in a sham condition. The task consisted of single-digit and two-digit number comparison.
The studies were preregistered, and confirmatory analyses did not reveal evidence for functional lateralization from the numerical, individual, and cultural perspectives. However, exploratory analyses provided insights into numerical, individual and cultural influences on the representation of numbers in the IPS.
Study 1 investigated whether magnitude size influences hemispheric lateralization. Confirmatory analyses showed no direct lateralization effect of tDCS on number processing. However, exploratory analyses suggested that right IPS stimulation slowed single-digit number processing, indicating a more prominent role of the left IPS for single-digit numbers.
Study 2 examined the role of individual differences, specifically handedness, in number processing. Our confirmatory analyses found no significant differences in number processing between right- and left-handers, supporting the triple code model’s assumption of bilateral IPS involvement. However, exploratory analyses revealed that left IPS stimulation facilitated number processing in left-handers, while right IPS stimulation had divergent effects: facilitation in right-handers (for single-digit numbers)
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but impairment in left-handers (for two-digit numbers). These findings suggest that the dominant hemisphere may modulate number processing.
Study 3 explored cultural influences on number processing, focusing on reading direction and finger counting habits in Iranians (right-to-left) and Germans (left-to-right). Confirmatory analyses found no significant effect of cultural reading direction or finger counting habits on lateralization. However, exploratory analyses revealed that tDCS stimulation facilitated number processing more in Iranians than Germans, suggesting that cultural factors may modulate numerical cognition at a neural level.
This dissertation refines theoretical models of numerical cognition and emphasizes the need for a nuanced understanding of functional lateralization, cautioning against overgeneralizing results across different numerical tasks, individual differences, and cultural contexts. The findings highlight that specific factors such as magnitude, handedness, and culture can modulate number processing in complex ways.