Abstract:
After the Mid-Pleistocene Climate Transition, Eurasian ecosystems were governed by longer (~100 ky) but higher amplitude climatic periodicity (glacial-interglacial cycles). The increased intensity of the glacial cycles impacted floral, faunal, and hominin biogeography. Glacial refugial areas in peninsular southern European regions had a prominent role in the survival and persistence of several temperate taxa during adverse periods; however, little is known about the environmental conditions that governed these areas. This cumulative dissertation explores landscape dynamics, climate, and hydrology of a putative micro-refugium in the Megalopolis Basin (Peloponnese, Greece) at the southernmost part of the Balkan Peninsula through the ecological characterization of two extinct megaherbivore species, the European straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) and the European hippopotamus (Hippopotamus antiquus). Individual megaherbivore ecologies were reconstructed through isotopic biogeochemistry to infer millennial, decadal, and annual scale climatic and environmental conditions in the area between ca. 700 and 430 ka. The studied specimens originated from five Middle Pleistocene fossiliferous sites in the Megalopolis Basin, namely Marathousa 1 (ca. 430 ka), Marathousa 2 (ca. 450 ka), Kyparissia 3 (ca. 650 ka), Kyparissia 4 (ca. 700 ka), and Kyparissia-T (early Middle Pleistocene). The contextual association of faunal specimens with hominin activity, either directly in the form of butchering marks or indirectly through their stratigraphic and spatial association with stone tools, extended interpretations to the hominin paleoenvironmental niche in the basin. Three studies present carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope analyses on enamel carbonates of a straight-tusked elephant (P. antiquus) and five hippopotamus (H. antiquus) specimens to reconstruct their foraging patterns, habitat and mobility, as well as the climatic conditions in the basin during different chrono-stratigraphic intervals. A sequential sampling strategy on herbivore teeth that grow over multiple years, such as the continuously growing hippopotamus tusks and the elephant molars, provides sub-annual and decadal-scale stable isotope data for the selected individuals. Carbon isotopes of both P. antiquus and H. antiquus enamel carbonates revealed the persistence of C3-dominated ecosystems and a mosaic of habitats in the basin, including forested patches and mesic open woodlands/grasslands. Oxygen isotopes indicated mild climatic conditions, even during severe glacial periods. The intra-tooth isotopic profiles revealed moderate seasonality in the basin. Individual palaeoecological inferences suggest dynamic environments and taxon-specific adaptations to shifting resource availability. Multi-annual fluctuations in the carbon isotopic composition of Palaeoloxodon antiquus, in conjunction with strontium isotopic data, suggested limited mobility within the basin for the exploitation of diverse micro-habitats during the MIS 12 glacial period. Carbon isotope profiles of Hippopotamus antiquus demonstrated seasonal dietary adaptations and multi-annual fluctuations in available resources, while oxygen isotopes revealed variable hydrological or climatic conditions. Despite climatic oscillations, the Megalopolis Basin provided a diverse array of subsistence sources, thus facilitating the survival of these megaherbivores through Middle Pleistocene glacial or stadial periods. These results offer further substantiation to the basin’s role as a micro-refugium, an area in which organisms survived through adverse conditions and from which they were able to re-establish viable populations in northern settings during climatic amelioration, but also highlighted the resilience and adaptability of both megafauna and hominin populations to changing environments.