Abstract:
Despite major breakthroughs in neutrino physics over recent decades, several open questions remain, including CP violation in neutrino oscillations, the neutrino mass ordering, and whether neutrinos are Dirac or Majorana particles. Addressing these challenges requires future high-precision measurements across a broad energy range. However, in the GeV regime, nuclear effects complicate the reconstruction of neutrino interactions by obscuring the primary interaction, with final-state nucleons playing a crucial role in interpreting detector signals. The Accelerator Neutrino Neutron Interaction Experiment (ANNIE) at Fermilab is aimed at measuring the neutron multiplicity in neutrino–nucleus interactions, a key quantity for reducing systematic uncertainties in current and future experiments. ANNIE also serves as a technology demonstrator, being one of the first to employ Water-based Liquid Scintillator (WbLS) and the first that has deployed Large Area Picosecond Photodetectors (LAPPDs). These LAPPDs are novel microchannel plate (MCP) based photodetectors that combine a large active area of 373 cm² with sub-centimetre two-dimensional position resolution, while maintaining a picosecond time resolution, making them prime candidates for current and future neutrino experiments. Due to their early development stage, however, detailed characterisation is necessary to fully understand their performance. This thesis presents an in-depth study of two Generation-I LAPPDs, including measurements of gain, dark count rates (DCRs), timing and position resolution, as well as crosstalk, pulse shape observations, and reliability implications. LAPPD #94 demonstrated excellent baseline performance, with a gain in excess of 1E7, a low dark count rate of ∼ 274 Hz/cm², and a time resolution of (138 ± 85) ps. LAPPD #148 showed a similar gain, but exhibited an elevated dark count rate of 5 kHz/cm². For LAPPD #148, parallel and transverse position resolutions of 3.8 mm and 0.8 mm were found, while time resolution measurements yielded (171 ± 67) ps. Signal amplitude attenuation along striplines was found to be asymmetric and crosstalk was characterised by a bipolar response with consistent amplitudes of 3% to 4% of the main signal across all striplines and a transverse propagation speed of one-third the speed of light. By evaluating these LAPPDs in a controlled environment, this work contributes to the ongoing optimisation of picosecond photodetectors for large-scale applications. The findings presented here support the integration of LAPPDs into next-generation neutrino detectors, enhancing the precision and capabilities of future neutrino research. untranslated