Abstract:
^Background
This dissertation examines Symptom Checker Apps (SCA) in Germany from various
perspectives. These apps represent a new type of digital tool designed to
help users categorize their medical complaints and navigate the healthcare system.
However, significant disparities in the performance of these apps' triage and
diagnostic recommendations often lead to inadequate results. This raise concerns
that users might either seek unnecessary medical care or, conversely, fail
to seek necessary treatment. This dissertation explores three main themes using
a mixed-methods study design: 1. Overview and impact of SCA usage, 2. User
characteristics as predictors of SCA usage, and 3. Situational factors influencing
SCA adoption.
Methodology
Manuscript 1 outlines the research design of the research project CHECK.APP
through a study protocol. Manuscript 2 analyzes the distribution of SCA, potential
correlations to primary care provision, and reasons against the use of SCA, using
descriptive and univariate analyses as well as a thematic analysis. Manuscript 3
employs a logistic regression to identify predictive variables for SCA users. In
Manuscript 4, the usage patterns of SCA users over six weeks are examined,
using mixed- model comparisons and a qualitative content analysis according to
Kuckartz, which categorizes user comments.
Results
Manuscript 2 found that 7.5% of the German population uses SCA, with 50% of
non-users showing no interest in trying them. Surprisingly, the highest number of
SCA users was in the age group of 51-55 years. No correlations were found between
primary care provision and SCA. The most well-known SCA was identified
as the NetDoktor Symptom Checker. Manuscript 3 identified health anxiety as a
reliable predictor for the use of SCA. Manuscript 4 determined the initial occurrence
of symptoms and the ICPC-2 clusters: general and unspecified symptoms, eyes, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and skin as relevant predictors with sufficient
effect size.
Discussion
Currently, SCA play a minor role in Germany, and the interest of the general population
is divided. It remains uncertain what impact an increasing use of SCA
could have on health care. When using SCA, concepts such as health anxiety
and Intolerance of Uncertainty seem to play a role. SCA are used by users with
higher health anxiety in situations of higher uncertainty, e.g., when new or ambiguous
symptoms occur. At the same time, these users seem to benefit less
from SCA.