Abstract:
The herbicide glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), a transformation product of glyphosate and other aminopolyphosphonates, are widespread pollutants in European surface waters. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been identified as a major source of amino(poly)phosphonate emission. However, rather constant glyphosate and AMPA mass fluxes in receiving rivers throughout the year indicate other sources than urban herbicide application. For this reason, glyphosate was hypothesized to be a transformation product of aminopolyphosphonates. Due to analytical constraints, environmental findings regarding aminopolyphosphonates are scarce. In my thesis, I developed approaches for derivatization-free analytical methods to separate both large and small amino(poly)phosphonates using capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) and hydrophilic interaction chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) for environmental sample analysis. Furthermore, I investigated different soil minerals in combination with extraction media for the enrichment of glyphosate from surface water to enable its analysis by CE-MS and improve limits of detection. Additionally, I demonstrated experimentally that glyphosate and AMPA formation from DTPMP in activated sludge is possible, providing an additional, previously neglected source of glyphosate. To assess the environmental relevance of my findings, I investigated the receiving river of a WWTP near Nuremburg during operation and after its shutdown. I identified the WWTP effluent as the dominant source of DTPMP, glyphosate and AMPA contamination. A decrease in concentrations along the river stretch indicated different attenuation processes such as (trans)formation, dilution and sorption. After the WWTP shutdown, glyphosate, AMPA and DTPMP concentrations rapidly decreased in both surface water and sediment of the previously highly contaminated receiving river, demonstrating the river´s fast recovery after WWTP shutdown. Overall, in this thesis, I demonstrated the in-situ formation of glyphosate and AMPA from DTPMP in activated sludge, presented new approaches for amino(poly)phosphonate analysis, highlighted the significant impact of WWTPs and demonstrated the improvement of the chemical status of the river regarding glyphosate, AMPA and DTPMP concentrations after their source was eliminated with the shutdown of the WWTP.