Abstract:
Despite the major threat that parasitic infections pose to global health, they often remain overlooked, particularly those species that do not account for the highest mortality and morbidity rates. However, the continuous development of molecular technologies has contributed to a growing awareness of the true burden and distribution of those neglected parasites. This thesis focuses on further investigating and characterizing two such parasites, namely Plasmodium malariae and Mansonella sp “DEUX”.
P. malariae is the second most abundant human malaria parasite in sub-Saharan Africa. The true prevalence has long been underestimated. To better characterize the genetic diversity of different genotypes within the P. malariae parasite populations we have developed a novel genotyping marker panel based on the two marker regions pmmsp1 F2 and pmtrap. The panel is easily applicable and can be implemented in endemic settings. Using our novel approach, we found a high genetic diversity among P. malariae parasites from Gabon. Additionally, we observed that genotype dynamics are very high, indicating that daily fluctuations in different genotypes is very common for P. malariae.
Similar to the underestimated genotype diversity of P. malariae, the true species diversity and prevalence of Mansonella parasites remains unknown. In the Central African Region, including Gabon, Cameroon and the Republic of Congo, different Mansonella species are known to infect humans and great apes. However, these descriptions are mainly based on morphology, as few nucleotide sequences are currently available. Recently, Mansonella sp “DEUX” was identified in Gabonese children for the first time, not knowing whether it represents a new species or a genotype of the sympatric species Mansonella perstans. Morphological studies have not yet been conducted to compare it to other known Mansonella species. Furthermore, a high prevalence of Mansonella sp “DEUX” (35%) was reported among a cross-sectional study population in Gabon, in comparison to other filariae. To clarify the systematics, we have generated the first reference genome for Mansonella sp “DEUX”. A comparison to the whole genome of M. perstans, that we also generated, confirmed that they are two separate species that occur in sympatry. Evolutionary analysis revealed that they separated approximately 778,000 years ago.
Using different genetic approaches this thesis has provided a better description of the two neglected parasites. With the development of a genotyping marker panel, which is based on two marker regions only (pmmsp1 F2 and pmtrap), our results contribute to a better understanding of the true diversity of the P. malariae parasite populations. Additionally, we could provide evidence that Mansonella sp “DEUX” is a distinct species and the generation of a reference genome will support further research on the neglected parasite. Both methods presented here can be applied to further samples so that the neglect of the two species can be put to an end.