Abstract:
This thesis deals with the development of a unique measuring device for wind field
measurement in the atmospheric boundary layer and its application to examine spatial
turbulence structures in heterogeneous terrain as well as flow measurements around a
wind turbine.
The innovative measuring system consists of a fleet of 35 quadrotors UAS (unmanned
aerial systems), of which a maximum of 20 were used simultaneously. This measuring
system enables flexible, simultaneous, spatially distributed measurements of the wind
vector in the boundary layer. An algorithm was developed to measure the wind that
is based on the position and acceleration sensors of the UAS and does not require
additional external wind sensors. The algorithm puts the sensor data in relation
to the acting wind forces and is calibrated and validated with the help of reference
measurements on a 99-m meteorological mast. The potential of the UAS fleet for wind
field and turbulence measurements is shown by comparisons with Doppler wind lidar
and ultrasonic anemometer measurement data.
Furthermore, a special flight pattern with spatially horizontally distributed measurements was developed to allow for the examination of horizontal turbulence structures.
On the one hand, the limit of validity of the Taylor hypothesis of frozen turbulence
is tested. On the other hand, it is demonstrated how turbulence structures differ
in their horizontal spatial characteristics depending on the atmospheric conditions.
Additionally, the correlation of different scales in the frequency domain is examined
using coherence. In comparison to models of the decay of coherence, the validity of
the models is limited to neutral stratification. Overall, the coherence is smaller for
the lateral separation distance than for the longitudinal one.
In a final measurement campaign, the knowledge gained and an improved wind
algorithm were used to analyze the flow around a wind turbine (WT). At the same
time, measurements were carried out in the wake and in the inflow of the WT. Spatially
distributed measurements in the near wake of a 2 MW WT clearly show the expected
wind speed deficit. Laterally distributed measurements in the wake under stable
and near-neutral stratification indicate a double-Gaussian distribution of the lateral
velocity profile. Under convective conditions, the turbulent mixing is enhanced, which
leads to a measurement of a simple Gaussian distribution already in the near wake.
Furthermore, horizontal turbulent flow measurements show the expected energy input
from outside the wake into the edge areas of the wake. In addition, it could be
shown that a turbulent flow from the center of the wake to the edge areas can also be
measured in stable and near-neutral stratification. Also, the occurrence of vortices
resulting from the pressure differences at the rotor blade tips was investigated.