Abstract:
In recent years, nanocrystal building blocks and their controlled self-assembly into highly
ordered superlattices have created new opportunities for scientists and engineers to build
novel materials with structure-related optoelectronic properties by design. However,
sufficient experimental evidence for such theoretically predicted structure-property
relationships is still lacking until now.
This cumulative dissertation is based on three publications and addresses the
question whether structural order has a significant effect on the electronic properties
of nanocrystal ensembles, focussing on -system functionalized lead sulfide (PbS)
nanocrystals and atom-precise gold (Au32) nanoclusters as model systems.
First, a soft-lithography technique is developed to fabricate micrometer-sized channels
of long-range ordered PbS nanocrystal superlattices with dimensions approaching
the size of typical single-crystalline domains of only a few μm2. By means of microcontact
printing, hundreds of superlattice microchannels can be realized, enabling a statistically
meaningful investigation of charge transport in single-crystalline superlattice domains.
Indicated by conductivity and field-effect transistor measurements, charge transport
within those superlattice microchannels is found to be orders of magnitude more efficient
compared to state-of-the art channels where transport is averaged over large
scales. This clearly emphasizes the advantage of the near single-crystalline superlattice
microchannels for the characterization of intrinsic charge transport properties.
Then, the developed microcontact printing process is applied to fabricate superlattice
microchannels on X-ray transparent devices, enabling a correlative investigation
of the structural and the electronic properties of the same PbS superlattice domains. A
full structural characterization of the superlattice symmetry and nanocrystal orientation
within is achieved by synchrotron-based X-ray nano-diffraction in combination with
angular X-ray cross-correlation analysis. The direct correlation of structural properties,
such as superlattice type and particle spacing, with the conductivity of hundreds of
superlattice channels provides meaningful evidence for structure-transport relationships.
It is shown that the conductivity decreases with the interparticle spacing and that the
crystallinity of the superlattices has a beneficial effect on charge transport. Further,
an anisotropy of charge transport in long-range ordered monocrystalline superlattices
is revealed, based on the dominant effect of shortest interparticle hopping distances.
Thus, anisotropic charge transport could be considered an inherent feature of weakly
coupled superlattices.
Finally, atom-precise Au32 nanoclusters are self-assembled into well-defined microcrystals,
which are investigated by grazing-incident small-angle X-ray scattering, absorption
spectroscopy as well as conductivity and field-effect transistor measurements.
It is demonstrated that the conductivity and charge carrier mobility of these long-range
ordered crystalline domains exceed that of glassy assemblies of the same nanoclusters
by two orders of magnitude. Along with additionally emerging optical transitions,
this effect indicates an enhanced electronic coupling in highly ordered superstructures,
attributed to a vanishing degree of structural and energetic disorder and a significantly
reduced activation energy to charge transport.
This thesis provides experimental evidence for structure-related electronic properties
of self-assembled nanocrystal superlattices and illustrates the advantageous effect
of long-range structural order on charge transport.