Abstract:
Since about three decades, phenomena of extreme sports move into the focus of scientific research and attain increased media coverage. However, the concept of extreme sports is not adequately clarified within the scientific community. Against this background, the clarification of the overall concept of extreme sports is the aim of the present sport-scientific study. It takes into account that this concept of is often associated with explanations and value judgments on extreme sporting practices and is influenced by the particular perspective of the observer. The theoretical framework of the study is provided by Luhmann’s systems theory and the Integral approach following Wilber. Prototype theory and Social representations theory are used to concretize the research methods. The empirical part contains three sub-studies. The first sub-study is an analysis of academic literature, which examines the perspective of science. A systematic content analysis of 143 scientific papers, mainly in English and German, gives an overview of general and discipline-specific observations on the topic of extreme sports. In this context, 20 scientific approaches of interpretation and several approaches of moral judgment concerning extreme sport practices are identified. The second sub-study is a questionnaire survey, which examines the descriptions of extreme sports from the perspective of sport-related groups of persons. The data is based on an internationally oriented online survey of 662 participants. Particular focus is put on the perspective of the self-categorized extreme athletes (n = 187). Their statements on the conceptual description provide the basis for a factor analytical and cluster analytical division and signification of several areas of extreme sports: (a) extreme risk sports, (b) extreme endurance sports, (c) extreme adventure sports, (d) extreme action sports and (e) action sports at grassroots level. These areas can be ranged in the field of sports. Finally, the third sub-study considers the perspective of the mass media through the examination of 56 German media contributions on extreme sports. The research reveals the complexity of extreme sports and underlines the necessity of a differentiated view of this phenomenon. Furthermore, the study presents a proposed definition of the concept of extreme sports and offers recommendations for the future handling of the topic. The recommendations are addressed in particular to the scientific community, but also to journalists and the extreme athletes.