Abstract:
The cerebral cortex constitutes the most divergent structure in the CNS containing an enormous variety of different neuronal cell types. This striking degree of neuronal diversity has to be generated during embryonic development. There for the enormous diversity of cortical neurons has to be generated from cortical progenitor cells. The genes which control the formation and differentiation of neuroepithelial cells, radial glial cells (RGC) and basal progenitors, the major progenitor cell types in the developing cerebral cortex, are only beginning to be identified. Here we analyze the role of the Gli3 zinc finger transcription factor which has previously been shown to be essential for patterning the telencephalon in this process. Using Immunofluorescence analysis, we find that in extra-toes (XtJ) mutant mice which lack Gli3 function, the RGC markers Blbp and Glast are prematurely activated in groups of neocortical cells coinciding with an ectopic expression of Wnt7b. Additional removal of Wnt7b in a Gli3 mutant background leads to a uniform formation of RGCs in the cortex, suggesting that Gli3 mediated repression of Wnt7b represents an important mechanism to control RGC numbers. In addition, Gli3 regulates the neuronal differentiation potential of cortical progenitors. Using cell cultures, Gli3 mutant cortical neurospheres readily differentiate into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, but form fewer neurons which, in addition, have fewer and shorter neurites. These latter findings correlate with a severely reduced expression of NeuroD transcription factors in developing cortical neurons in vivo. Collectively, these data suggest novel roles for Gli3 in controlling the formation of RGCs and their neuronal differentiation.