Abstract:
Introduction: Contrarily to the lower two thirds of the esophagus, self expanding metal stents are not yet established for the palliation of malignancies of the cervical esophagus. On this topic, there is only very limited data available in endoscopic literature.
Patients and methods: The present study conducted at the Surgical Endoscopy Tübingen analyzes the high cervical insertion of 122 SEMS in 81 patients (66m/15f, 63y [30-89y]) from 1997 to 2002.
Underlying malignancies: Carcinoma of esophagus (62%), larynx (10%), hypopharynx (8%), lung (7%), thyroid (5%), other malignancies (4%).
Indications for stent insertion: Recanalization and/or fistula sealing (97%), anastomotic insufficiency (2%), esophageal rupture (1%).
Results: Despite difficult circumstances (anatomy/pretreatment), stent insertion was succesful in all patients. There were no early complications observed (i.e. bleeding, perforation, intolerable pain/foreign body sensation). The Dysphagia score decreased from initially 2.4 to 0.9 at the first follow-up examination (p<0.0001). Fistula sealing was successful in 20/25 patients (80%). In the later course of their disease (average of 5 follow-up examinations per patient, median 2, 0-82), 26/81 patients (29%) needed further endocopic treatment, e.g. at least 1 additional stent. Indications for overstenting: new fistula (50%), in-/overgrowth (29%), coating defect (17%), stent dislocation (10%). Using clinical scores, a clear improvement of quality of life could be shown (p<0.0001). Mean survival time from stent insertion was 5 months (Kaplan-Meier).
Discussion: Contrarily to the current opinion, insertion of SEMS is also possible within the cervical esophagus and leads to fast and safe palliation of malignant dysphagia and/or fistula. Compared to the lower esophagus, complication and mortality rates are equally low. Recurrent dysphagia/fistula (mostly a result of tumor progression) can be effectively controlled by overstenting or other endoscopic treatment modalities on an outpatient basis.