Abstract:
The present work aims to contribute to the understanding of differences in biochemical characteristics of cathepsin E and D and their possible functional role in MHC II pathway. More specifically, the project intended to develop and characterize new tools for studying these proteases that are very similar in their enzymatic characteristics. For specific determination of cathepsin E and D activity an assay combining a new monospecific CatE antibody and substrate Mca-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ile-Leu-Phe-Phe-Arg-Leu-Lys(Dnp)-D-Arg-NH2 [where Mca is (7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl and Dnp is dinitrophenyl] is developed. This substrate is digested by both proteinases and therefore can be used to detect the total aspartic proteinase activity (TAPA) in biological samples. After depletion of CatE by immunoprecipitation, the remaining activity is due to CatD, and the decrease of activity can be assigned to CatE. This assay distinguishes between the activities of enzymatically similar proteinases CatE and CatD and therefore can be used in studies aimed at understanding the involvement of these enzymes in antigen processing and presentation. Moreover, a detailed substrate profiling of cathepsin E and D was performed. It was found that presence of basic residues i.e. R, K and H especially at position P3 is preferred by cathepsin E. Unfortunately we were unable to identify exclusive substrate for CatE or D. However, the detailed specificity profiling of cathepsin E and D led to the identification of preferable residues at different positions that can help in designing of specific substrates or selective inhibitors for cathepsin E or D. Additionally, new cell permeable aspartic protease inhibitors were synthesized by conjugating pepstatin A with well-known cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). To achieve this, the most frequently used CPPs, namely pAntp(43-58) (penetratin), Tat(49-60), and 9-mer of L-arginine (R9) were synthesized followed by coupling pepstatin A to the peptides. The enzyme inhibition properties of these bioconjugates and their cellular uptake into MCF7 (human breast cancer cell line), Boleths (EBV-transformed B cell line) and dendritic cells (DC) was studied. It was found that the bioconjugate PepA-penetratin (PepA-P) was the most efficient cell-permeable aspartic protease inhibitor in comparison to PepA. Additionally, we found that PepA-P efficiently inhibited the tetanus toxoid C-fragment processing in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), primary DC and in primary B cells. This inhibition of tetanus toxoid C-fragment processing by PepA-P clearly implicates the role of aspartic proteinases in antigen processing.