Abstract:
The discovery of antibiotics was a milestone in the history of medicine. They led to a significant reduction in mortality rates and enabled invasive medical treatments to be developed by controlling infectious complications. However, their widespread use since then has encouraged the worldwide development of resistance, which today poses a serious threat to global health. Of particular concern are multidrug-resistant Gram-negative ESKAPE pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is associated with severe nosocomial infections and high mortality rates in immunocompromised patients. Key mechanisms of P. aeruginosa β-lactam resistance include antibiotic inactivation via the overexpression of the chromosomal β-lactamase ampC, reduced outer membrane permeability, increased efflux through RND transporters and target modifications in penicillin-binding proteins. Under antibiotic pressure, non-essential genes can become essential. Targeting the corresponding proteins with adjuvants could restore antibiotic susceptibility in resistant bacteria. The LytM/M23 zinc DD-endopeptidases MepM1, MepM2 and MepM3 have been identified as promising adjuvant targets in P. aeruginosa, as deleting them breaks resistance synergistically against various well-known and well-tolerated β-lactam antibiotics. Additionally, MepM1 and MepM2 share the same active site, enabling both enzymes to be targeted simultaneously with a single inhibitor.
This work demonstrated that reduced β-lactamase activity and, surprisingly, increased MexE/MexF/OprN levels are responsible for the reduced resistance to β-lactam antibiotics observed following the deletion of mepM. It is hypothesised that elevated MexE/MexF/OprN levels may affect quorum sensing, motility, or biofilm formation, thereby influencing antibiotic resistance. Analyses using mass spectrometry revealed further potential changes of the membrane proteome following the deletion of mepM1, mepM2 and mepM3. This brought up new potential resistance mechanisms and functions of MepMs including adaptation to altered environmental conditions through nutrient uptake, quorum sensing, motility, biofilm formation and remodeling of the cell envelope. The successful development of purification methods for the recombinant, active enzymes PaMepM1 and PaMepM2, as well as the generation of anti-MepM antibodies, provides important resources for future research. These antibodies were used to validate the ∆mepM1 and ∆mepM2 deletions, confirming that MepM1 is regulated by CtpA, in contrast to MepM2. The development of functional enzyme activity assays made it possible to measure P. aeruginosa murein DD-endopeptidase activity in vitro for the first time, paving the way for further enzymatic characterization. Finally, a high-throughput assay for testing potential MepM inhibitors was developed, representing a promising step towards the discovery of therapeutic agents that target MepMs. The identification of the first inhibitory compound proves the functionality of the experimental design. Considering the urgent need to combat multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa infections, this work makes a valuable contribution to research into antibiotic resistance and the development of new antimicrobial and antivirulence strategies.