Abstract:
In today’s dynamic economic environment, economic and financial literacy are essential to actively participate in society and make informed decisions. This need is reinforced by globalization and digitalization, increasingly complex financial products, and new responsibilities being placed on the individual. Younger generations in particular are affected by demographic change and its consequences, and need to be educated to meet future challenges. In this regard, it is important to note the relevance of economic and financial literacy for financial well-being. However, many people exhibit worryingly low levels of economic and financial literacy. This is particularly true of women. Many studies have found evidence of a substantial gender gap in economic and financial literacy. To counteract this gender gap by means of effective economic and financial education, a profound understanding of explanatory factors for the gap is necessary. However, the literature provides hardly any evidence on the interrelation between different explanatory factors. This dissertation addresses this research gap, providing a deeper understanding of gender-based differences in economic and financial literacy by examining multiple explanatory factors. The dissertation consists of three studies, a qualitative literature review and two quantitative cross-sectional studies, complemented by an overarching framework.
The systematic literature review examines 97 records and 185 studies on the gender gap in economic and financial literacy and its explanatory factors, including studies from all world regions and age groups. Findings show that the gender gap is evident in most studies; however, it is less pronounced in certain regions (e.g., Eastern Europe, South America). The review identifies several explanatory factors for the gap, including confidence, socialization, education, and computation.
The second study examines the gender gap in economic literacy among a representative sample of 1,958 German secondary school students in grade 10. Employing a cross-sectional design, this study analyzes explanatory factors of the gender gap based on the results of the literature review. The results show a substantial gender gap in favor of boys. Furthermore, decomposition analyses reveal girls’ lower math ability and interest in economics as essential explanatory factors for the gender gap. However, other explanatory factors, such as socialization, do not seem to be relevant in our sample.
The third study focuses on financial literacy and the different answer behaviors of boys and girls in the same sample. Specifically, we experimentally manipulated the Big 3 financial literacy questions and offer a “do not know” (DK) response to half of the sample, while the other half did not get this option. The results show that girls have lower levels of financial literacy and choose the DK option significantly more often than boys. Similarly to the results for economic literacy (Study 2), the gender gap in financial literacy can be partly explained by girls’ lower math ability and lower levels of interest in economics when compared to boys. Contrary to expectations, confidence and risk preferences have limited predictive power for the gender gap.
Below, the studies are discussed against the backdrop of economic theories and behavior. The results underline the gender gap in economic and financial literacy. Given the relevance of these skills to an individual’s well-being and long-term welfare, one aim of the dissertation is to derive policy implications and avenues for future research to counteract the gender gap. Two main implications that can be derived from this dissertation are the need to implement experimental studies as well as to design and investigate targeted interventions to counteract the gender gap. Improved financial programs and learning materials can foster economic and financial literacy and reduce gender-based differences. As potential starting points, research and policy should consider the identified explanatory factors for the gender gap.
In summary, this dissertation contributes to a better understanding of the gender gap in economic and financial literacy. In the long term, greater awareness of gender inequalities, improved financial programs and learning materials can promote gender equality and support women’s financial independence.