Abstract:
Humans are able to transmit information such as emotions through body odors (BOs). Despite the particular importance of these chemosensory signals for social communication, little is known about this phenomenon in people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). ASD is mostly known for its disease-defining deficits in social interaction, but differences in olfactory perception are also being discussed. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate whether people with ASD can perceive and distinguish odors in general and BOs in particular. A unique and innovative aspect of this study is that BOs of both genders were examined.
We collected axillary sweat samples of 19 healthy participants (ten women, all on oral contraception) during a showing of negative, positive and neutral film clips (under strict hygiene regulations). Successful emotion induction was assessed through both subjective measurements and quantification of sweat production.
In the second part of the study, these samples were presented to a clinical group (11 individuals with ASD, including two women) and a control group (CG, 40 participants, including 22 women). Subjective ratings (intensity, arousal, pleasantness and familiarity) of the sweat samples were used to compare the reactions to same-sex and opposite-sex BOs, as well as to neutral, positive and negative non-social odors (NsOs).
The analysis of the subjective ratings revealed both a significant main group effect regarding intensity and a significant interaction odor type * valence * group regarding both intensity and arousal. Pairwise comparisons showed that the ASD group rated all odors, BOs and NsOs, significantly more intensely than the CG. However, the ASD group found BOs to be significantly less arousing. Unlike the CG, the ASD group was unable to differentiate between the BOs and the blank samples in terms of intensity, arousal, familiarity and pleasantness. The CG rated negative BOs as significantly more arousing than the neutral BOs and the blank samples, which highlights the special significance of the fear-related odor.
These results suggest that in individuals with ASD, BOs lead to less emotional arousal and that individuals with ASD exhibit abnormalities in BO perception orprocessing. Further studies with larger samples are needed to investigate this hypothesis in more detail, which is why these results should be regarded as preliminary.