Abstract:
The loss of teeth is a remarkable issue predominantly resulting from caries-related decay, severe periodontitis and trauma concomitant with, amongst others, limitations upon mastication and phonetics. By reason of their beneficial function and aesthetics along with promising long-term results, dental implants have evolved into a major therapeutic option. However, peri-implant bone loss constitutes an increasing problem and can lead up to implant failure, as reliable solution approaches are currently lacking. Marginal bone loss is ascribed to immune processes in terms of a continuing or recurrent foreign body reaction (FBR) in which macrophages (MΦ) prevail. Efforts to overcome peri-implant bone loss should therefore strive for the disclosure of the FBR focusing on MΦ. Accordingly, this study aimed at the establishment of a protocol to reliably and reproducibly isolate and differentiate human peripheral blood monocytes to polarized monocyte-derived MΦ (MdM) to subsequently engross insights into the FBR and investigate immunomodulatory effects of biomaterials in vitro.
To this, monocytes were isolated from peripheral whole blood of healthy donors by density gradient centrifugation and subsequent monocyte adhesion. These cells were then differentiated to MdM using10 ng/ml MΦ colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) for 6 days. Subsequently, for M1 polarization, MdM were incubated with 50 ng/ml interferon g (IFNg) and 10 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS), whereas M2 phenotype was induced using 20 ng/ml interleukin (IL) 4 and 20 ng/ml IL13 for 2 days. MdM were then light microscopically characterized as to their morphology. Furthermore, cytokine secretion using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), marker expression deploying flow cytometry and cytoskeletal morphology as well as surface marker expression utilizing confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were assessed. As to the implementation of the established protocol, differentiated MdM adjacently were cultured and polarized on diverse titanium (Ti) surfaces including Ti-machined (Ti-ma), sandblasted with large grits and acid-etched titanium (Ti-SLA) as well as Ti-anatase (Ti-Ana) discs and immunomodulatory effects were evaluated via cell counting kit (CCK) 8 cell proliferation assay, ELISA, bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA protein assay) and CLSM.
Resultantly, M1-MdM morphologically exhibit a round phenotype and are reliably characterized by secretion of proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor (TNF) a as well as
expression of chemokine C-C motif receptor (CCR) 7. M2-MdM, in contrast, are rather elongated, specifically secrete chemokine C-C motif ligand (CCL) 13 and CCL17 and
exhibit significantly increased levels of cluster of differentiation (CD) 1A and CD209. As to immunomodulatory effects of diverse titanium surfaces, CCK8 cell proliferation assay was conducted at first to preclude direct adverse effects of Ti-ma discs, Ti-SLA discs and Ti-Ana discs on the cultivated MdM. Concerning cytokine secretion, neither of the surfaces investigated effectuated increased level of TNFa secretion, thus, foreclosing significant pro-inflammatory influences. CCL13 concentration as marker of the M2-polarization, on the other hand, was significantly reduced for M0-MdM or M2-MdM seeded on Ti-Ana discs as compared to coverslips or Ti-ma discs, respectively. Lastly, cytoskeletal morphology as well as surface marker expression of the MdM cultivated on Ti-ma discs, Ti-SLA discs and Ti-Ana discs was assessed, neither disclosing distinct morphologic discrepancies nor revealing significant differences of CCR7 and CD209 expression. Hence, none of the surfaces investigated exert significantly more pronounced pro- or anti-inflammatory effects as compared to the residual surfaces.
Accordingly, the established protocol allows for a reproducible preparation and characterization of differentiated and polarized MdM. These cells subsequently render possible to further delve into the FBR and investigate immunomodulatory effects of biomaterials in vitro.